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| c. 950 BC |
| | The Queen of Sheba, who visits Solomon in Jerusalem, is legendary - but her kingdom of Saba is a historical reality | |
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| 722 BC |
| | The Assyrians overwhelm the north of Israel and the ten northern tribes vanish from history - the majority of them probably dispersed or sold into slavery | |
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| c. 700 BC |
| | Judah and Benjamin, together forming the kingdom of Judah, are the only two surviving tribes of Israel | |
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| 586 BC |
| | After a long siege Jerusalem is taken by Nebuchadnezzar and the city, including Solomon's Temple, is destroyed | |
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| 586 BC |
| | The Jews, taken into captivity in Babylon, form the first community of the Diaspora | |
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| c. 580 BC |
| | The synagogue, as a simple place of Jewish worship, develops during the Babylonian captivity | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The optimistic concept of the Messiah is part of the Jewish response to captivity in Babylon | |
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| 539 BC |
| | Returning to Jerusalem, the Jews begin to rebuild the Temple | |
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| c. 280 BC |
| | The Jewish community of Alexandria coins the word diaspora for Jews living far from Israel | |
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| c. 280 BC |
| | The Jews of Alexandria commission the Greek translation of the Old Testament which becomes known as the Septuagint | |
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